Paper on The Blue Hotel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paper on The Blue Hotel - Essay Example In this story by Stephen Crane the topic of contentions scores over different subjects. The contentions identify with Swede and cultural response to his reckless singularity. The itemizing of the subject uncovers how Crane tested such circumstances. Let’s take the case of Swede’s demeanor to life. He emphatically feels that everybody in the Blue Hotel needs to slaughter him. His dread is unwarranted and no backgrounder data is given or rationale is given to the hiding dread in his brain. This shows struggle is the characteristic piece of his character and that is the purpose behind him to infer that those in the inn are irate with him and they need to execute him. Regardless of whether it is expected that he is neurotic being affected by liquor or medications, why the idea of slaughtering just should glide in his psyche. This demonstrates the essential foolish conduct of Swede. Next, Swede provokes up Johnny. The principal period of savagery doesn’t produce any s ubstantial outcomes, and his second episode of animosity after he overcomes Johnny in the battle, takes him to death. In a battle this time with a card shark, Swede is cut to death. This is a pointer, as indicated by Crane, the things to happen when mankind overall takes to implosion, welcoming debacle that will at last lead to add up to demolition of humankind itself. Nature won't target human race alone in segregation for devastation. Plant and creature realms additionally will die by and large. The creator of any novel/story, howsoever astutely may attempt to hide away from plain view occasions identified with his life, will uncover something about one’s own brain science and mentalities to life, through the exchanges, and activities of his characters. This is valid for Stephen Crane (1871-1900). He kicked the bucket at 28 years old and in this manner he has a place with the more youthful age, which is burnable. The crushing destitution he endured every through greetings g rown-up life and his poor way of life has something to do with his haughty social demeanor. Added to the issue, he had an unexpected frailty record, experienced tuberculosis, and reached intestinal sickness and neglected to take appropriate consideration of himself. Not thinking about one’s wellbeing is again a demonstration of implosion and that demeanor needs to discover articulation is his abstract works and the equivalent has occurred in this story through the character of Swede. Did he feel disconnected from the general public and his environmental factors? It must be so as reflected in his aura. He acted like a renegade against all the built up cultural standards while connecting in a gathering. Swede appears to have the changeless resentment against the general public and it is uncovered in his little and enormous activities, directly from his acceptance into the plot of the story. That resentment is simply the main driver of his ruinous conduct. The gathering alluded to in the Blue Hotel is a smaller than usual model of the general public and Swede gets genuine squabbles with those present there on one issue or the other. He makes issues out of no issues. He appears to have shaped certain fixed negative assessments about the general public. The reasons could be his childhood and the unfriendly conditions that he needed to confront right off the bat throughout everyday life. Nature appears to guess what the lethargic disturbances in him might be thinking and as he shows up at the Palace Hotel alongside two others, a snowstorm creates and everybody stands separated at the inn. In the snowstorm typical vision is disabled, one can't see the environmental factors appropriately, and Crane has utilized the

Free Essays on Necrophilia

Necrophilia is the act of having intercourse with cadavers. Necrophilia, a Greek word that implies â€Å"love of the dead†. It is an extremely basic act among sequential executioners. Different notable sequential executioners have been determined to have necrophilia, for example, Earl Leonard Nelson a/k/a â€Å"Gorilla Man†, which is known as the primary American sequential sex enemy of the twentieth century. Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer, Ed Gein and a lot more among the ones referenced. In spite of the fact that necrophilia is by all accounts uncommon and phenomenal in our general public, it is an exceptionally regular issue inside a sequential executioners profile. Necrophilia may seem like an uncommon ailment because of the way that it isn’t being accounted for the manner in which it ought to be. When necrophilies make a move, the most well-known spot they break into is burial service homes. An explanation behind not revealing these demonstrations would positively be that memorial service homes don't need the exposure. At the point when memorial service homes report that there has been a break in and that bodies have been upset, nobody will need to bring their perished loved ones, expecting that their cherished one will be exploited. The press/media is a successful method of illuminating and teaching people in general about what goes on in our general public. Necrophilia is avoided society since it isn't typical conduct. Necrophilia is indecent and unscrupulous. In this manner, society will in general dismiss and imagine as though nothing isn't right. Research shows that 90% of necrophiliacs are fundamentally hetero guys. 60% of necrophilies were determined to have character issue and 10% of those determined to have character issue are likewise insane. Memorial service homes are by all account not the only places where necrophilies are pulled in. They are famous inside medical clinics, morgues, memorial service parlors, and burial grounds. Necrophilies are pulled in to the scent of blood and the vibe for dead skin. Some necrophilies have utilized pieces of the collections of their casualties to outfit their homes and in any event, for the utilization of sil... Free Essays on Necrophilia Free Essays on Necrophilia Necrophilia is the act of engaging in sexual relations with bodies. Necrophilia, a Greek word that implies â€Å"love of the dead†. It is a typical demonstration among sequential executioners. Different notable sequential executioners have been determined to have necrophilia, for example, Earl Leonard Nelson a/k/a â€Å"Gorilla Man†, which is known as the primary American sequential sex enemy of the twentieth century. Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer, Ed Gein and a lot more among the ones referenced. Despite the fact that necrophilia is by all accounts uncommon and remarkable in our general public, it is an exceptionally normal issue inside a sequential executioners profile. Necrophilia may seem like an uncommon ailment because of the way that it isn’t being accounted for the manner in which it ought to be. When necrophilies make a move, the most well-known spot they break into is burial service homes. An explanation behind not announcing these demonstrations would unquestionably be that memorial service homes don't need the exposure. At the point when memorial service homes report that there has been a break in and that bodies have been upset, nobody will need to bring their expired loved ones, expecting that their adored one will be exploited. The press/media is a viable method of illuminating and teaching the general population about what goes on in our general public. Necrophilia is avoided society since it isn't ordinary conduct. Necrophilia is corrupt and exploitative. In this way, society will in general dismiss and imagine as though nothing isn't right. Research demonstrates that 90% of necrophiliacs are principally hetero guys. 60% of necrophilies were determined to have character issue and 10% of those determined to have character issue are likewise crazy. Memorial service homes are by all account not the only places where necrophilies are pulled in. They are extremely well known inside emergency clinics, morgues, memorial service parlors, and graveyards. Necrophilies are pulled in to the scent of blood and the vibe for dead skin. Some necrophilies have utilized pieces of the assortments of their casualties to outfit their homes and in any event, for the utilization of sil...

K Hole and the Awful Effects of Ketamine

K Hole and the Awful Effects of Ketamine Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print K Hole and the Awful Effects of Ketamine By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 08, 2019 More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Falling into a k hole is slang for how it feels when you take a high enough dose of ketamine that your awareness of the world around you and your control over your own body become so profoundly impaired that youre temporarily unable to interact with othersâ€"or the world around you. Verywell / JR Bee Effects of Ketamine Ketamine is a dissociative drug. In simple terms, dissociative drugs make users feel detached from their surroundings as if they are not really there. This feeling of dissociation becomes more intense with higher dosages, which make users feel very disconnected from, and unaware of, their surroundingsâ€"even when they may technically be awake. They may also feel disconnected from, or unable to control, their own bodies, including the ability to speak?? and move around easily. One way to think about this is that the k hole is a state between intoxication and a coma. While the consciousness of the real world diminishes in a k hole, a fantasy world of delusions and hallucinations can take over. This is usually temporary, although longer-term users may begin to show ongoing dissociative and psychotic symptoms â€" loss of accurately sensing the world around them â€" even after the drug wears off. Basics of Ketamine (Special K) The K Hole Experience Although it can be hard to understand why someone would voluntarily take a drug that feels bad, the truth is that although ketamine can produce feelings of euphoria, falling into a k hole can be a frightening and intensely powerless experience. The most common effects are marked confusion, difficulties in speaking, unexplainable experiences, floating sensations, and mind/body dissociation.?? Rarely, ketamine users describe near-death experiences, astral travel, and alien phenomena. The sense of powerlessness felt in a k-hole is especially true if your ability to speak is affected. To others around you, you may simply look immobile and intoxicated, although your eyes may move around?? â€"an effect known as nystagmus. When in a k hole, it can be frustrating if someone is trying to communicate with you and you cant respond. Risks of the K Hole One of the risks of falling into a k hole is that you may have difficulty coming out of the state of dissociationâ€"meaning you may continue to feel disconnected from the world around you and from your life, and you may develop ongoing symptoms of psychosis.?? There are also shorter-term, potentially hazardous risks of the k-hole experience: its possible to take too much, and for your heart to stop. Ketamine can also cause seizures, leading to brain damage?? . Taking ketamine can also make you accident-prone: you may become so out-of-touch with the world around you that you wander into traffic, have a serious fall, or drown. Many young people are unaware of these risks. Risks of Ketamine Hypotension and heart rhythm abnormalitiesSlowed or depressed breathingSeizuresIrreversible brain damageAbnormal movementsDate rape Why Do People Take Ketamine? So why would anyone do it? To those who have never used the drug, it can seem strange that anyone would want to take something that has these effects. Yet ketamine has grown in popularity, particularly among club-goers. Why would this be? Research shows that at least 50 percent of ketamine users experience some pleasant effects, most commonly, feeling happy, feeling laidback, being relaxed, and having enhanced perceptual abilities.?? For some users, the k hole offers a temporary escape from the stresses of lifeâ€"reducing their existence to almost nothing. Most ketamine users are hoping for the euphoria the drug produces and may enjoy the feeling of detachment and disconnection from those around them that they experience on lower doses of ketamine. This is particularly attractive to people who have difficulty coping with life and social situations, or people who are troubled by a distressing past. Another motivation for taking ketamine is to do with peer pressure. When young people use drugs, their friends often want to keep up with the trend, and therefore try things their friends are tryingâ€"particularly when its described as risky, exciting and pleasurable. Young men, and increasingly, young women, may use drugs as a demonstration of their bravado, courage, and mental toughness. Others may be desperate for attention or struggling with thoughts and feelings of suicide. Peer pressure probably accounts for a lot of the occasional use of ketamine thats been noted, but not for more excessive use: when falling into a k hole is actually the goal of taking ketamine. Some users do not willingly take ketamine but have it slipped into a drink as a date rape drug.?? Some drug users, particularly those who use drugs to self-medicate feelings of depression and alienation, seek out feelings of disconnection and dissociation by using drugs that have these effects. In some respects, users feel they can at least control the experience of changing their uncomfortable feelings. For these people, a k hole is a kind of oblivion that gives them a temporary escape from the world. Depression and Ketamine Research has shown that heavier ketamine users tend to be more depressed than occasional users.?? Its not clear whether the depression is caused by ketamine use and its impacts on these peoples lives, or whether people who are already depressed are more vulnerable to ketamine addiction when using the drug as a form of self-medication. If you have been trying to escape negative feelings through taking drugs, consider talking to your doctor, or even someone on your local crisis line, about medical and non-medical ways of treating depression. It is important to know that there are many effective and much safer ways of treating depression. If you have been through significant trauma, such as physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, or if you are struggling with feelings of guilt or emptiness, there are also therapies that can help you.

Identity Theft Research Paper - 2695 Words

Securing Your Identity Identity theft is on the rise in the United States and Globally. The Federal Trade Commission advised that there are about nine million cases of identity theft. People who had their identity stolen often feel like they were violated. Any individual can have their identity compromised in numerous ways. Different institutions store personal information. There are several organizations that have social security numbers, bank account numbers, and credit card numbers. Colleges and Universities have people personal information stored in their databases that could be hacked. There are several companies that offer options to people to protect their identity. Most credit card companies offer the option of identity†¦show more content†¦BI applications include the activities of decision support systems, query and reporting, online analytical processing (OLAP), statistical analysis, forecasting and data mining. (Business Intelligence (BI). What Is ? N.p., n .d. Web. 27 July 2013). Computer hacking: Is the practice of modifying computer hardware and software to accomplish a goal outside of the creator’s original purpose. People who engage in computer hacking activities are often called hackers. Since the word â€Å"hack† has long been used to describe someone who is incompetent at his/her profession, some hackers claim this term is offensive and fails to give appropriate recognition to their skills. The majority of hackers are technology buffs. They are self-motivated and learning about computers is their true passion. (What Is Computer Hacking? WiseGEEK. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 July 2013). A United States citizens Social Security number is there lifeline that links them to the rest of the world. It is that number that allows one to obtain credit to purchase automobiles, a house, open bank accounts, work, and establish credit. A Social Security number is the driving vehicle that dictates to the world who’s who f inancially and socially; it communicates an autobiography about a person. If someone provides their name and e-mail address to Reputation.com, they will provide themShow MoreRelatedIdentity Theft Paper903 Words   |  4 PagesIdentity Theft and Cards There is many of the America nation that says their identity can’t get stolen, but it can. There is even ways for your identity to be stolen with your credit cards now. Anyone can be the next victim of identity theft. That is why in this research I will tell you how you get identity theft and how to prevent identity theft, because most Americans never know it is happening. Americans need to allow themselves to come to know the cautions of identity theft. There areRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Crime978 Words   |  4 PagesThis information analysis focuses on the social problem computer crime, but more specifically identity theft. In this paper, I analyzed six different articles from various sources. I chose cyber crime as my topic because I have an interest in computers and coding. I also like to watch documentaries and a television show on cybercrime scene investigations. Analyzing articles on this topic will help me develop further knowledge on this topic and how i t is considered a social problem in our societyRead More Identity Theft Essay examples1315 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There is currently a huge growing number of criminals that now do greater and more widespread damage to their victims without ever meeting them. Identity theft surfaced in the early 1990s and turned peoples everyday transactions into a data gathering game. Bits of personal information such as bankcards, credit card accounts, income, social security numbers or just someone name, address, and phone numbers are now collected and could be used illegally byRead MoreQuestions On Identity Theft And Theft894 Words   |  4 Pagesproject is identity theft. What is identity theft? How do I find out if anyone is spying on me or has stolen my information? What should be the next steps after finding out that you’re the victim? How do I report a fraud activity from my credit report? How can I prevent identity theft? 2) How is the topic important to you and how does it affect you? What do you personally hope to gain or accomplish by writing about this topic? My topic is identity theft. I’ve been a identity theft victim beforeRead MoreThe Prevention And Control Of Medical Identity Theft1441 Words   |  6 Pagesof Medical Identity Theft INTRODUCTION Identity theft is the fastest growing crime that continues to claim thousands of victims each year. 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But withRead MoreIdentity Theft Or Identity Fraud1707 Words   |  7 Pagesknown as identity theft or identity fraud. The development and growth of the world wide web and personal computers being have made everyday things easier for everyone, but have also made it easier for criminals to gain access to information needed to steel someone’s identity. This is a crime which cost people thousands of dollars and countless hours of time spent to regain their losses and the damages done by having their life turned upside down by identity theft. Albrecht(2016). This paper will discussRead MoreUsing Electronic Medical Records For Patient Care Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagesare causing a challenge for the healthcare industry to provide quality care to their patients. Improving patient’s data security should be a top priority. The focus of this paper is to examine four quantitative researches on the threats and challenges hospitals are facing due to patient data security breach. Quantitative Research Study 1 The purpose of this study was to decide how patients and doctors adjust the apparent advantages and damages of sharing electronic medical records for patient careRead MoreCybercrime Is A Common Crime That Is Done By A Person To1331 Words   |  6 PagesKeywords: forensic computing, cybercrime, cyber theft Cybercrime Introduction In our daily life, we frequently use the internet for everything. The different activities could range from pay bills, shopping online or in stores, and watching movies. However, it is sad that positive activities can turn into negative ones with just one click of a button. Many times we provide our full identity and after the transaction is complete our identity is taken within a couple of seconds. As AmericansRead MoreIs Cybercrime A Type Of Crime That Is Committed Over The Internet?1206 Words   |  5 PagesThe uses of Internet and computers have made life much easier; technology in general has improved the economy, medical research, and healthcare. Internet and computers have become a huge part of many people s lives in this era; it allows individuals to stay in touch, find information, and even make a living through online businesses. When there are positive points, there are bound to be some negative ones, and that is Cybercrime. Cybercrime is a type of crime that is committe d over the Internet

President Lincoln Was An Executive Edict - 891 Words

On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln made an executive edict that would influence a nation and shape the nation’s future to come. A man who immersed himself in politics that were complicated during this time period, President Lincoln initially had contradictory views in regards to slavery. According to Eric Foner, Lincoln has been quoted as saying â€Å"I am naturally antislavery. If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong.† (The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery, p. 42). He had also been known to use derogatory (though normal for the time period) language when referencing black peoples and slaves. President Lincoln had been quoted as saying that he had no constitutional authority to enact such proclamation during peacetime, and as Guelzo pointed out in Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation even â€Å"used as a war power, emancipation was a risky political act. Public opinion as a whole was against it.† He found his vantage point on this controversial topic, ran on an anti-slavery campaign for the presidency, and began laying the foundation for the Emancipation Proclamation as the Union splintered. After more than thirty six months of a war against relatives and kin, Union forces were dealing with heavy casualties and diminishing support for the war effort. President Lincoln needed to find a way to raise the esprit de corps of the North and replenish lost ranks. On this day, the President provided a second executive order that proclaimed that â€Å"all persons heldShow MoreRelatedTheodore Roosevelts Contributions to American Political Thought1899 Words   |  8 Pagesdemocratic republicÂâ€"a wolf amongst sheep on the world scene. The nations twenty-sixth president laid the framework for foreign policy as we know it. He pressed reform amongst big business, and rallied for the rights of the laborer. Conservationism as well as environmental protection and preservation became issues at the forefront of Tedd ys agenda. Another vital contribution to American political thought was Roosevelts idea of the New Nationalism, an analysis of American society and the rolesRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Assassination1187 Words   |  5 Pagesconspiracy that has been a topic of debate since 1963, is the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States. The conspiracy has left one of the most devastating deaths in question and still haunts America to this day. The assassination of John F. Kennedy is one of the most controversial and debated topics in American History. JFK was one of the most beloved presidents of our time. Unlike previous presidential assassinations, the JFK assassination has resulted in a numberRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 Pagescolonial settlement areas: a. South b. Middle c. New England (30 pts) 2. Some historians have argued the Puritanism was especially suited for life in the wilderness of 17th century America. Do you agree or disagree? Explain (10pts) 3. To what extent had the Massachusetts Bay colonists endorsed the idea of the â€Å"separation of church and state?† (10pts) 4. To what extent was the New England Confederation a first step toward colonial unity? (10 pts) Chapter 4 Study Guide â€Å"American Life,Read MoreSeven Practices of Successful Organizations14082 Words   |  57 Pagesfinancial and performance information throughout the organization. E Reprinted by permission of Harvard Business School Press. Excerpt of THE HUMAN EQUATION: Building Profits by Putting People First by Jeffrey Pfeffer. Copyright  © 1998 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College; All Rights Reserved. 96 CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW VOL. 40, NO. 2 WINTER 1998 Seven Practices of Successful Organizations This list is somewhat shorter than my earlier list of sixteen practices describingRead MoreEssay on Macbeth and the Gunpowder Plot of 16054662 Words   |  19 PagesShakespeare’s Macbeth was influenced by the gunpowder plot of 1605. The equivocation that was inspired by this event played an important role in the play. The general theme of Macbeth reflects the mood of society at the time that it was written. This relationship is a direct reflection of the mimetic theory. 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Copyright  © 2008, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1996, 1991 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed inRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 Pagesuncertainty. This chapter lays out a philosophical basis for valuation, together with a discussion of how valuation is or can be used in a variety of frameworks, from portfolio management to corporate finance. A philosophical basis for valuation It was Oscar Wilde who described a cynic as one who â€Å"knows the price of everything, but the value of nothing†. He could very well have been describing some equity research analysts and many investors, a surprising number of whom subscribe to the bigger fool

Role of Ethics and Compliance in Pepsi-Cola Free Essays

Role of Ethics and Compliance in Pepsi-Cola PepsiCo has a deep commitment to bring forth sustainability in growth by the empowering of its people (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). PepsiCo employees embrace a culture that promotes responsibility and provides the building blocks to trust (PepsiCo Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Ethics and Compliance in Pepsi-Cola or any similar topic only for you Order Now ,  2011). The company prides itself on being both environmentally responsible and socially conscious this pride is garnered by six guiding principles (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). PepsiCo set forth principles that encompass total care of both consumers and customers, offering the highest quality products, conducting business truthfully, creating an equal balance of short-term and long-term goals, being victorious through inclusion and diversity, and being respectful of others and succeeding as a team (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). PepsiCo has in place a compliance committee that oversees the compliance program at PepsiCo (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). The compliance committee makes recommendations that are upheld by the utilization of issue resolution strategies (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). Four sub-committees make up the compliance committee, they are Anti-trust- whose emphasis is on sales; Safety and Environment- this committee gives oversight to fleets, plants, and the personnel that staffs them; Human Resources- they cover labor issues and employment; Finance- their umbrella covers all financial integrity, Sarbanes-Oxley, and the requirements that has been placed on the company. Ensuring Ethical Behavior Laws and regulations are imposed by the various state, local, and federal governmental bodies within the United States and beyond its borders. As with any laws and regulations the way that they are interpreted are subject to dramatic change (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). Changes that are brought about are more often than not, political, economic, and social implications (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). The affect of food and drug laws; how the products are labeled; practices used in marketing and advertising; the importation and exportation of the various ingredients used to create the product (PepsiCo Inc.   2011). Many laws are geared toward the reduction of certain ingredients including but not limited to sugars, fats, and sodium (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). PepsiCo has many policies and procedures in line to ensure regulatory and legal compliance, however, suppliers or an occasional employee may commit serious violations that could institute enforcement of civil and criminal actions this could adversely affect business at PepsiCo (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). In terms of accounting, strict policies are in place and are necessary to gain a understanding of financial results (PepsiCo Inc.   2011). The policies at PepsiCo call for management to make sometimes difficult decisions in regards to uncertainties that may have an impact on the financial results of the company (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). PepsiCo does not involve themselves in any alternative accounting methods, other than in terms of pension plans (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). Estimation methods and critical accounting policies are applied on a c onsistent basis and are reviewed upon by the Audit Committee at PepsiCo (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). Critical accounting policies are upheld in conjunction with pension and retiree medical plans, intangible assets including goodwill and other assets, accruals and income tax expense, and revenue recognition (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). SEC Compliance at PepsiCo Corporate accountability plays a big role at PepsiCo and all steps have been taken to promote that (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). PepsiCo uses a formal process for approval as outlined in the Political Contributions Policy (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). Contributions made by PepsiCo are a reflection of business and strategic interest at PepsiCo (PepsiCo Inc.   2011). Contributions are not made in the areas of the company’s individual officers or directors; There are no reimbursements to employees for contributions made on their own behalf; an official act with not promote anticipation or the recognition of a contribution; and there is full disclosure of all contributions on the corporate website (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). Periodic reviews of practices and policies dealing with expenditures and political contributions and are conducted by the Board of Directors at PepsiCo (PepsiCo Inc.   2011). Activities concerning lobbying can be found at http://disclosures. house. gov/ld/pdfform. aspx? id=300437081 (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). References PepsiCo Inc. (2010). PepsiCo. Retrieved from http://www. pepsico. com/Company/Corporate-Governance. html    PepsiCo Inc†¦ (2010). Pepsico. Retrieved from http://www. pepsico. com/Investors/SEC-Filings. html PepsiCo Inc. (2010). PepsiCo. Retrieved from http://www. pepsico. com/Company/PepsiCo-Values- and-Philosophy. aspx How to cite Role of Ethics and Compliance in Pepsi-Cola, Papers

Role of Ethics and Compliance in Pepsi-Cola Free Essays

Role of Ethics and Compliance in Pepsi-Cola PepsiCo has a deep commitment to bring forth sustainability in growth by the empowering of its people (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). PepsiCo employees embrace a culture that promotes responsibility and provides the building blocks to trust (PepsiCo Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Ethics and Compliance in Pepsi-Cola or any similar topic only for you Order Now ,  2011). The company prides itself on being both environmentally responsible and socially conscious this pride is garnered by six guiding principles (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). PepsiCo set forth principles that encompass total care of both consumers and customers, offering the highest quality products, conducting business truthfully, creating an equal balance of short-term and long-term goals, being victorious through inclusion and diversity, and being respectful of others and succeeding as a team (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). PepsiCo has in place a compliance committee that oversees the compliance program at PepsiCo (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). The compliance committee makes recommendations that are upheld by the utilization of issue resolution strategies (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). Four sub-committees make up the compliance committee, they are Anti-trust- whose emphasis is on sales; Safety and Environment- this committee gives oversight to fleets, plants, and the personnel that staffs them; Human Resources- they cover labor issues and employment; Finance- their umbrella covers all financial integrity, Sarbanes-Oxley, and the requirements that has been placed on the company. Ensuring Ethical Behavior Laws and regulations are imposed by the various state, local, and federal governmental bodies within the United States and beyond its borders. As with any laws and regulations the way that they are interpreted are subject to dramatic change (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). Changes that are brought about are more often than not, political, economic, and social implications (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). The affect of food and drug laws; how the products are labeled; practices used in marketing and advertising; the importation and exportation of the various ingredients used to create the product (PepsiCo Inc.   2011). Many laws are geared toward the reduction of certain ingredients including but not limited to sugars, fats, and sodium (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). PepsiCo has many policies and procedures in line to ensure regulatory and legal compliance, however, suppliers or an occasional employee may commit serious violations that could institute enforcement of civil and criminal actions this could adversely affect business at PepsiCo (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). In terms of accounting, strict policies are in place and are necessary to gain a understanding of financial results (PepsiCo Inc.   2011). The policies at PepsiCo call for management to make sometimes difficult decisions in regards to uncertainties that may have an impact on the financial results of the company (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). PepsiCo does not involve themselves in any alternative accounting methods, other than in terms of pension plans (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). Estimation methods and critical accounting policies are applied on a c onsistent basis and are reviewed upon by the Audit Committee at PepsiCo (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). Critical accounting policies are upheld in conjunction with pension and retiree medical plans, intangible assets including goodwill and other assets, accruals and income tax expense, and revenue recognition (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). SEC Compliance at PepsiCo Corporate accountability plays a big role at PepsiCo and all steps have been taken to promote that (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). PepsiCo uses a formal process for approval as outlined in the Political Contributions Policy (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). Contributions made by PepsiCo are a reflection of business and strategic interest at PepsiCo (PepsiCo Inc.   2011). Contributions are not made in the areas of the company’s individual officers or directors; There are no reimbursements to employees for contributions made on their own behalf; an official act with not promote anticipation or the recognition of a contribution; and there is full disclosure of all contributions on the corporate website (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). Periodic reviews of practices and policies dealing with expenditures and political contributions and are conducted by the Board of Directors at PepsiCo (PepsiCo Inc.   2011). Activities concerning lobbying can be found at http://disclosures. house. gov/ld/pdfform. aspx? id=300437081 (PepsiCo Inc. ,  2011). References PepsiCo Inc. (2010). PepsiCo. Retrieved from http://www. pepsico. com/Company/Corporate-Governance. html    PepsiCo Inc†¦ (2010). Pepsico. Retrieved from http://www. pepsico. com/Investors/SEC-Filings. html PepsiCo Inc. (2010). PepsiCo. Retrieved from http://www. pepsico. com/Company/PepsiCo-Values- and-Philosophy. aspx How to cite Role of Ethics and Compliance in Pepsi-Cola, Papers

Historical Context of Writings free essay sample

A look at some writings in their historical contexts by Bernal Diaz, John Locke, Karl Marx/ Friedrich Engels, and Jules Verne. Writers such as Bernal Diaz, John Locke, Karl Marx/ Friedrich Engels, and Jules Verne wrote about some of the most important themes in world history such as colonialism, absolutism and industrial capitalism. This paper examines how their particular historical context (the 16th century, 17th century, and 19th century) influenced their ideas and how the historical context has changed over time. While doing so, the writers focuses largely on a single work of each of the above-mentioned writers, i.e., The Conquest of New Spain by Bernal Diaz; The Second Treatise of Government by John Locke; The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx Friedrich Engels; and Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne. Bernal Diaz del Castillo was a Spanish conquistador, chronicler and historian who sailed to the Americas and fought many battles under different Spanish adventurers including Hernan Cortes, the conqueror of Mexico. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Context of Writings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a reward for his services Diaz was made the governor of a Guatemalan town where he took up residence until he died. In order to repudiate an over glorified account of Cortes conquests written by his secretary Gomara (who had not even been to America), Diaz wrote The True History of the Conquest of New Spain when he was an old man of almost eighty. Although lacking a sophisticated literary style, the work is recognized as an important eyewitness account of the Spanish conquests in the Americas, and the subjugation of the native people by the Spanish colonists.

Breast Cancer And New Treatments Essay Research free essay sample

Breast Cancer And New Treatments Essay, Research Paper Breast Cancer and New Treatments Breast Cancer affects one in eight of American adult females, and is the 2nd most common cause of malignant neoplastic disease decease in America. I chose to compose my term paper on chest malignant neoplastic disease because it is a disease that has effected some members of my household. Due to this perchance familial status, I felt that researching the subject would assist me larn ways to forestall the disease and educate myself to execute self-exams that may ensue in early sensing. Breast malignant neoplastic disease is a malignant tumour in the glandular tissues of the chest. Such tumours, besides called carcinomas, signifier when the chemical processes that control normal cell growing break down, enabling a individual abnormal cell to multiply at a rapid rate ( Hickman ) . Carcinomas, which tend to destruct an increasing proportion of normal chest tissue over clip, may distribute, or metastasise, to other parts of the organic structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Breast Cancer And New Treatments Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Breast malignant neoplastic disease is the most common malignant neoplastic disease in adult females, other than skin malignant neoplastic disease. A major wellness job in many parts of the universe, it is particularly prevailing in developed states. The American Cancer Society ( ACS ) estimates that in the United States more than 175,000 new instances are diagnosed and more than 43,000 adult females die each twelvemonth from malignant neoplastic disease arising in the chest. One in eight American adult females will develop this unwellness at some clip during her life ( Cummings ) . The rate of incidence additions with age, and adult females 75 old ages and older are at the highest hazard. Breast malignant neoplastic disease can impact males, but the disease strikes adult females about 100 times every bit frequently as it does work forces. The good intelligence is that if a adult female develops chest malignant neoplastic disease, her options are much greater than of all time before due to promotions in engineering, and proper intervention can normally continue the chest while heightening endurance ( Feldman ) . Scientists do non understand precisely what causes chest malignant neoplastic disease. Surveies suggest that several classs of adult females are at increased hazard for the disease: those who began to flow at an remarkably early age ; those who experienced climacteric, or the lasting surcease of menses, at an remarkably late age ; those who waited until later in life to hold kids ; and those who neer gave birth. Such findings, all of which relate to hormone-based life events, suggest that chest malignant neoplastic disease is someway affected by drawn-out exposure to female sex endocrines, such as estrogen. Womans with a history of chest malignant neoplastic disease in the household are besides at greater hazard. About five per centum of all chest malignant neoplastic diseases have been attributed to a mutated, or structurally altered, cistron known as BRCA1. Mutants in a 2nd cistron, BRCA2, contribute significantly to the development of chest malignant neoplastic disease in Judaic a dult females. Alcohol, high degrees of fat in the diet, and non exerting on a regular basis have besides been linked to increased hazard for chest malignant neoplastic disease ( Garber ) . Three-fourthss of all chest malignant neoplastic disease patients are non in any of the groups considered at increased hazard for chest malignant neoplastic disease, bespeaking that non all hazard factors are understood. As a consequence, physicians recommend that every adult female should familiarise herself with the techniques for monthly chest introspection. X-ray scrutiny of the chests, a technique called mammography, can observe tumours before they are big plenty to be felt and increase the odds for successful intervention. The American Cancer Society recommends that adult females over age 40 should hold a mammogram every twelvemonth. The lone manner to do a positive diagnosing on a fishy ball in the chest is by holding a biopsy, a minor surgical process in which the ball or portion of the ball is removed and examined under a microscope. The most common sites of metastasis in chest malignant neoplastic disease patients are the lymph secretory organs located in the axilla. The pr esence or absence of malignant neoplastic disease cells in the lymph glands helps doctors find how far the malignant neoplastic disease has advanced and whether a adult female is likely to be cured by mastectomy, the surgical remotion of the chest ( Garber ) . Removal of a cancerous tumour by surgery remedies one-third of all chest malignant neoplastic diseases that are detected early. If merely the ball and some environing chest tissue are removed, go forthing most of the chest integral, the process is called a partial mastectomy, or lumpectomy. When the chest and other tissues environing it are removed, the operation is termed a extremist mastectomy. In some instances, radiation therapy is recommended in add-on to surgery to handle malignant neoplastic disease that has non spread beyond the chest. Traditionally, chest malignant neoplastic disease intervention relies to a great extent on radiation, surgical remotion of the chest, called mastectomy, and cytotoxic chemotherapy. There are four phases of chest malignant neoplastic disease. The first phase is a tumour less than two centimetres in diameter, where nodes are non involved and there is no distant metastasis. The 2nd phase is a tumour that is less than five centimetres and has no distant metastasis. The 3rd phase is a tumour that is greater than five centimetres in diameter, is occupying the tegument, and has no distant metastasis. The 4th and concluding phase of chest malignant neoplastic disease includes a tumour that has distant metastasis. The endurance rates for each of these phases include 85 % for phase one, 66 % for phase two, 41 % for phase three, and 10 % for phase four ( Feldman ) . At the present, clinical research in chest malignant neoplastic disease is concentrating on a assortment of promising theraputic schemes, such as new chemotherapy agents, hormone agents, antibody therapy, vaccinums, and antiangiogenesis agents. A figure of drugs are under probe for handling chest malignant neoplastic disease, some of which have shown considerable promise in cut downing the size of tumours, and even forestalling the disease. They include drugs called taxol, estrogen antagonist, and Herceptin, which each work to better the effectivity of chemotherapy ( Gradishar ) . The drug taxol, approved in 1992 by the FDA for handling chest, ovarian and other types of malignant neoplastic diseases, is extracted from the bark of the Pacific yew. The tree is scarce, nevertheless, and big sums of taxol are needed for intervention. Scientists are analyzing the feasibleness of cultivating the trees to reap the drug from the bark, every bit good as the possibility of pull outing the drug from the subdivisions and acerate leafs. Taxol, besides called paclitaxel, is an anticancer and is normally administered by injection and used to handle advanced chest malignant neoplastic disease. Chemotherapy, and the disposal of cancer-fighting drugs, such as taxol, has proven effectual in destructing chest malignant neoplastic disease cells that have spread to other variety meats. This drug works on the microtubules of the cell forestalling with interphase and mitotic cell maps, which is one of the stairss in cell division and generation. Side effects include hypersensitivity reactions, bone marrow suppression, blood force per unit area jaunts and musculus hurting, harm to the nervousnesss of the custodies and pess, sickness, emesis, and hair loss. Preliminary consequences of clinical tests have showed that taxol, when given with standard chemotherapy, improved patient endurance rates by 26 % , and reduced the hazard of reoccurrence by 22 % . Another option is docetaxel, a substance that is similar to pacitaxel. Docetaxel comes from the acerate leafs of the yew tree. This drug is FDA approved to handle advanced chest malignant neoplastic disease that has non responded to other anticancer drugs. The side effects of docetaxel are similar to those related to paclitaxel ( # 8220 ; Paclitaxel ( Taxol ) and Other Related Anticancer Drugs # 8221 ; ) . Other interventions exploit some of the chemicals the organic structure of course produces. For illustration, some chest malignant neoplastic disease cells thrive on the endocrine estrogen, which is produced in the ovaries. Endocrine therapy slows the growing of such cells by forestalling them from utilizing estrogen. One of the drugs employed in endocrinal therapy is tamoxifen. Prelimin ary research has shown that in add-on to forestalling chest malignant neoplastic disease from repeating, estrogen antagonist may besides forestall new malignant neoplastic diseases from organizing in the opposite chest. Chemotherapy affecting antiestrogens, such as estrogen antagonist, has proved utile in detaining chest malignant neoplastic disease return, but the bulk of patients treated with estrogen antagonist finally relapse. Tamoxifen, or Nolvadex, is a drug in pill signifier, taken orally, that interferes with the activity of estrogen. Tamoxifen has been used to handle both advanced and early phase chest malignant neoplastic disease. More late, it besides is being used as accessory, or extra, therapy following primary intervention for early phase chest malignant neoplastic disease. Some chest malignant neoplastic disease cells are â€Å"estrogen sensitive.† In other words, estrogen binds to these cells and stimulates them to turn and split. Tamoxifen prevents the bindin g of estrogen. This stops the cells from turning and in making so, prevents or holds breast malignant neoplastic disease return. Tamoxifen is besides known to work through growing factors and the immune system and may supply some benefit even in patients whose tumours are non estrogen sensitive. A recent survey found that taking estrogen antagonist for five old ages significantly reduces both chest malignant neoplastic disease return ( 42 % ) and mortality ( 22 % ) for all adult females. Consequences found that in adult females whose chest malignant neoplastic disease has spread to the local lymph secretory organs benefit well from tamoxifen therapy. Womans who take estrogen antagonist may portion some of the good effects of taking estrogen replacing therapy, such as a reduced hazard of osteoporosis and a reduced hazard of bosom disease. The most common side consequence is hot flashes similar to those experienced during climacteric. Tamoxifen may bring on climacteric in a adult fema le who is near to climacteric. Other common side effects include vaginal waterlessness, irregular periods, and weight addition. In add-on, adult females taking estrogen antagonist may be at somewhat increased hazard of developing cataracts. Many experts believe estrogen antagonist may increase the hazard of uterine malignant neoplastic disease. There have been some studies of uterine malignant neoplastic disease in adult females taking estrogen antagonist, nevertheless, the incidence is less than 1 % in adult females. A similar drug called Raloxifene, besides an antiestrogenic drug, is besides being tested for effectivity. Raloxifene decreased the hazard of estrogen receptor–positive chest malignant neoplastic disease by 90 % ( Cummings ) . New attacks affecting reprogramming of the tumour cell cistrons and targeting of the blood vass that feed tumours provide hope for more effectual and less toxic therapy. One of the newest signifiers of chest malignant neoplastic disease interventions is a monoclonal antibody called trastuzumab and marketed under the trade name name Herceptin. This drug targets cells that overproduce HER-2, a protein implicated in about tierce of all chest malignant neoplastic disease instances. Although still under survey, Herceptin, helps do chemotherapy more effectual by shriveling tumours and decelerating the patterned advance of the disease. An consultative commission of the FDA has recommended that Herceptin be approved for usage ; it will be most effectual in a type of chest malignant neoplastic disease that afflicts about 30 per centum of chest malignant neoplastic disease patients. Herceptin reverses the procedure, by get downing with a find about the basic genetic sciences of malignant neopl astic disease, and so planing a drug to antagonize the abnormalcy. The key in this instance is a cistron called HER-2/neu. The cistron carries instructions for a protein that sits on the surface of a cell and receives signals from # 8220 ; growing factor # 8221 ; molecules. Thus the HER-2/neu cistron and protein play a cardinal function in the cardinal menace of malignant neoplastic disease: tumour cells that grow out of control. Meanwhile, research workers are go oning to analyze the drug to see if it can better the forecast of adult females with earlier phase chest malignant neoplastic diseases. Experts point out that although Herceptin is improbable to bring around adult females with metastatic chest malignant neoplastic disease, the consequences of the tests so far are a clear mark of advancement. Normal cells carry two transcripts of HER-2/neu, and have a little figure of the HER-2/neu protein receptors on their surfaces. But research workers found that some malignant neoplas tic diseases have excess transcripts of the cistron and an surfeit of cell surface receptors. The abnormalcy is non inherited ; instead, it is an mistake acquired during the lives of some people. Research workers estimate that 20 to 30 per centum of adult females with chest malignant neoplastic disease have extra HER-2/neu cistrons in their tumours, amounting to every bit many as 60-thousand instances a twelvemonth in the United States. UCLA research workers say adult females with malignant neoplastic diseases that # 8220 ; overexpress # 8221 ; HER-2/neu are more likely to endure backslidings after intervention and do non last every bit long as adult females with normal sums of the cistron. Research workers so set out to happen a manner to barricade the HER-2/neu receptors, and therefore stifle the signals stating the tumour cells to maintain turning. They developed a molecule called a monoclonal antibody that is in kernel a mirror image of the HER-2/neu receptor. Research workers think that when the antibody, Herceptin, attaches to the receptor, like a cardinal suiting a lock, it prevents growing factor molecules from attaching. If Herceptin is approved by the Food and Drug Administration, it will be the first intervention that specifically targets this aggressive signifier of chest malignant neoplastic disease that is associated with more rapid malignant neoplastic disease patterned advance and shortened endurance. It is the first therapy that was developed to aim a specific protein defect that contributes to the malignant patterned advance of malignant neoplastic disease. Herceptin was by and large good tolerated among patients in both tests. Overall, the most common inauspicious reactions related to Herceptin were icinesss and febrility in 40 per centum of patients, chiefly with the first extract. Side effects that occur frequently in adult females having chemotherapy, including hair loss, oral cavity sores, and low blood cell count degrees, were non see n normally among adult females taking Herceptin entirely. An increased hazard of bosom disfunction occurred in adult females having Herceptin ( Holtz ) . In decision, there are many new interventions that have been proven to assist cut down the harmful effects of chest malignant neoplastic disease. Some of these include taxol, estrogen antagonist, and Herceptin. When taken with chemotherapy, these new interventions have been proven to cut down the hazard of decease from chest malignant neoplastic disease. Early sensing is the key to lasting chest malignant neoplastic disease. You should hold a physician or nurse look into your chests at least one time a twelvemonth, get downing at the age of 20, and regular mammograms should be given at the age of fourty. Because of the new interventions discussed, today adult females diagnosed with early-stage chest malignant neoplastic disease are populating longer and most can be treated without losing their chest Hopefully, through chest malignant neoplastic disease consciousness plans breast malignant neoplastic disease can be detected early with many new interventions in the close hereafter. Bibliography Feldman, G. 1999. Breast Cancer Handbook. Self Magazine: 213-232. Holtz, A. 1998. Herceptin: An Wholly New Weapon Against Cancer. ASCO: 1-3. 1999. Paclitaxel ( Taxol ) and Other Related Anticancer Drugs. National Cancer Institute: 1-5. Hickman, C. , Roberts, L. , and Larson, A. 1997. Integrated Principles in Zoology, Chicago, IL, p. 147. Gradishar, W. 1999. # 8220 ; High-Dose Chemotherapy and Breast Cancer # 8221 ; . The Journal of the American Medical Association 282: 297-306. Cummingss, S. , Eckert, S. , Krueger, K. , Grady, D. , Poweles, T. , Cauley, J. , Norton, L. , Nickelson, T. , Bjarnason, N. , Morrow, M. , Lippman, M. , Black, D. , Glusman, J. , Costa, A. , and Jordan, C. 1999. # 8220 ; The Effect of Raloxifene on Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women # 8221 ; . The Journal of American Medical Association 281: 860-864. Garber, J. 1999. # 8220 ; A 40-Year-Old Woman With a Strong Family History of Breast Cancer # 8221 ; . The Journal of the American Medical Association 282: 304-312. Antman, K. and Shea, S. # 8220 ; Screening Mammography Under Age 50 # 8221 ; . The Journal of the American Medical Association 281: 745-750.

7 Questions to Expect in an Exit Interview

7 Questions to Expect in an Exit Interview About to leave your job? You might be asked (or required) to do an exit interview. This can be frustrating or intimidating. After all, you’ve got your outgoing checklist all but complete, and you already have one foot in your next opportunity. You think the hard part is behind you, and now there is one more task standing between you and the door! Don’t panic. Instead, think of your exit interview as a valuable opportunity for both you and your employer to learn something and grow. All you need to do is be prepared to give thoughtful, diplomatic answers to a few typical questions. Remember, you’ll be less stressed and the whole experience will be more productive if you are prepared. Think of this as an opportunity to let HR know exactly how the company is succeeding and failing. The information you provide can really make a difference for the coworkers and new hires you will leave behind.Here are a few questions to expect.1. Why are you leaving your current positi on?This question could also take the form: â€Å"Why did you begin looking for another job?† or â€Å"What, ultimately, made you accept this other job?† Be prepared to say what was your largest motivating factor for wanting to leave, specifically. If it’s your awful boss, find a way to say that without trashing that person. You won’t look good if you go negative. Keep it classy and succinct.2. Do you think you were adequately prepared/equipped to do your job well?In each of these questions, it is important to be prepared to provide specific examples. These will be much more resonant and will equip HR to actually make a change in company policy for the future. Did you need some valuable training that you didn’t get, perhaps? Is there a particular program, or other set-up that you really needed in order to perform? Again, be as specific as you can.3. How would you describe the culture of our company?This can get tricky. But prepare a tactful, honest answer, and you can get through it. The more prepared you are to answer, the less you’ll be caught off guard into saying something rash.4. Can you describe your relationship with your manager?This doesn’t mean: â€Å"Did you like your boss or not?† This means, how did your working styles overlap- did they clash or complement each other? Were you given the support and challenge you felt you deserved? Were you set up to succeed?5. What did you like/dislike most about your position here?No one knows better than you. Try not to pick petty things like cool office perks (or lack thereof). Think about how you can help make this company better when you leave.6. What should we require of your replacement?For example,  what skills, experience, and qualifications should they be looking for to replace you? What expertise or training do you wish you’d had? What do you have and know that would be hardest to replicate in a new employee? What magic synthesis of skills (i.e. multitasking and computer programming languages, or people skills and Excel) made you the perfect hire?7. What could we have done to keep you?This question is the most blunt and inviting of a frank response. Sometimes you’ll get the more generic: â€Å"What is the one thing about this company that you would change?† But if you get the candid question, you should feel free to give the honest answer. What would you have needed in order to stay? More money? More responsibility? An extra team member? Benefits packages? More growth opportunities? You can do a lot of good for the next employee- not to mention your current team- if you give a thoughtful answer to this question. Then skip your way out the door and off into the sunset!

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No topic - Essay Example I also believe in the importance of family life. One needs a family to survive the daily contradictions that life throws at you. I keep on living this kind of life because I have a supportive, understanding and caring family. I am able to pursue my dreams by studying. I have a reliable set of friends. I have professors who are serious about my welfare. I have a whole new world which awaits my talent and serious work. It matters a lot if the world does not exist and everything becomes an illusion. It will be a very difficult place to live in a zone which has no reality to speak of. Living things and non-living things both constitute reality. The individual lives of man take on a reality in itself. Even self-doubt is a reality for most people. The movie "The Game" (1997) is related to Descartes problem in the sense that it tackled Von Horton's self-knowledge and self-realization. The movie is a claustrophobic thriller which features the addiction of Von Horton to the Consumer Recreation Services (CRS), a form of entertainment, given to him by his brother Conrad. Von Horton uses the CRS and it leads him to experience bad and weird things. Von Horton gained from his ignorance and confusion the insight that man can seek himself.

Judicial Process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Judicial Process - Research Paper Example This has lead to juveniles being punished under adult criminal sentencing guidelines, which is more severe than in juvenile courts. considerable research work on juveniles in adult criminal courts have been conducted throughout time with others focusing on their character in courts, punishment outcomes in adult courts and comparing them to the juvenile courts. Juvenile Punishments in Adult Criminal Courts There have been varying conclusions into the degree of severity of the judicial outcomes, although, most concluded that the degree were less severe to those melted out to adult offenders. Juvenile courts and adult courts are very different in functionality and as such, comparison of the courts would not bring meaningful conclusions. The most practical analysis, therefore, is to look into juvenile outcomes in adult courts and compare to similar cases amongst young adults with similar offences. Several research work on this has also produced diverse results, however, most studies conc ur that juvenile status toned down the severity of sentences in adult courts, but not the actual court process. Additionally, other research work indicated that there are juvenile penalties in adult court, which seem harsher compared to similar cases by young adults. These results show several research work conducted by different scholars applying different methodologies and within different judicial jurisdiction. Sentencing Guidelines Earlier sentencing structures were consistently based on rehabilitative notions that focused on personalized punishments that would suit each offence, terms of imprisonment were varied and this allowed for a degree of flexibility in their application. Policymakers and the public however, came to realize huge loopholes in such system, this lead to proliferation of sentencing guidelines in more than half of the states. Sentencing law represents ‘procedurally rational law’ contrasting sharply with ‘substantively rational law’ th e latter provides for punishments to be personalized to fit eccentric offender needs and considerations. These presents a conflict to the society, one of establishing order and the other of punishing individuals based on unique circumstances. However, the latter applicability has always been argued aids in seeking fair just and proportional outcomes for each individual case. The guidelines that have been promulgated have lead to containment of judges’ decision, explaining the reason why judges prefer their judgment on particular cases. The sentencing guidelines also differ on jurisdiction, for instance those in the state of Maryland are different from those in the state of Pennsylvania. In recent years however, most sentencing guidelines have been more flexible in their applicability, providing a wide range of alternatives for each offence. For instance, some states implemented â€Å"presumptive† guidelines and these legally mandated judges to sentence within guideline s ranges except in rare circumstances involving departures (Johnson and Kurlychek 2012). Other states implemented less restrictive â€Å"voluntary guidelines†, which provide judges with benchmarks for sentencing, but they do not legally require the judge to sentence within the guidelines recommendations. Cases involving juveniles in adult courts by definition are atypical, this is because juvenile status represents a unique offender considerations, it may play as

Orphaned And Vulnerable Children In Africa Education Essay

Orphaned And Vulnerable Children In Africa Education Essay Introduction During the course Education Development in Diverse Societies we learned about the main educational theories and other (inter)disciplinary approaches to study educational issues in developing countries. We analysed educational reforms and innovations from an interdisciplinary and multilevel perspective, and examined their theoretical basis, the practical implications, the strengths and weaknesses, and how they respond to the learning needs of children with a diverse background.  [1]  In this paper I will apply the knowledge and understanding that I gained by writing about the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on basic education for children at risk.  [2]   The AIDS epidemic has become a global crisis currently threatening the lives of millions of people and devastating entire societies. Education systems have an essential role to play in fighting this epidemic, because of their capacity to reach very large numbers of young people with life-saving information and skills. A completed primary education can reduce the risk of HIV infection for young people; and in fact, basic education has such a powerful preventative effect, that it has been described as the social vaccine (Boler Carroll 2003). As the epidemic gathers pace, however, it poses increasing risks to education itself, threatening to stop children from enrolling, teachers from teaching and schools from functioning. This threatens the Right to Education, and the objective of Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to achieve primary universal education. Particularly, orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs), face a lot of challenges in the provision of q uality education.  [3]   In this paper, I therefore focus on the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on basic education for orphans and vulnerable children in Sub Saharan Africa in order to improve and increase their access to quality education, skills development and other social services. Since I am going to conduct research in Zambia on a related topic, I focus particularly on the impact of HIV/AIDS epidemic on basic education in Zambia. The research questions of this paper therefore state: What is the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on basic education for orphaned and vulnerable children (OVCs) in Zambia? What can be done to increase their access, progression and educational outcomes? Part one of this paper deals with the more general literature about HIV/AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa. This includes the impact of HIV/AIDS, leading to many different educational consequences. In part two I focus on Zambia as a case study, whereby I explain the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Zambia, the impact it has on OVCs and the educational system. Part three discusses the possibilities of redressing the harmful consequences within the educational system, whereby I focus on community schools. In conclusion, I answer the research question and I will give recommendations for further research. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Sub Saharan Africa Two-thirds of all people infected with HIV/AIDS live in Sub Saharan Africa, although this region includes little more than 10% of the worlds population (UNAIDS 2008; Foster Williamson 2000: 275; Barnett Whiteside 2006: 210-19). HIV/AIDS has caused immense human suffering in the continent. The most obvious effect of this crisis has been illness and death, but the impact of the epidemic has certainly not been confined to the health sector. Households, schools, workplaces and economies have also been badly affected. Since the beginning of the epidemic more than 15 million Africans have died from AIDS (UNAIDS 2008). In the previous year 2008, an estimated 1.4 million adults and children died as a result of AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa (UNAIDS 2008). Besides, a growing number of children in Sub Saharan Africa have been orphaned by AIDS (Robson Sylvester 2007: 260). However, detailed information on the numbers of children directly affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic is very limited in most countries in Sub Saharan Africa (Bennell 2005: 468). A major part of the problem is that it is often difficult to establish whether a child, parent or carer is ill or has died as a result of an AIDS-related disease. Another complicating factor is that there is no standard definition of an orphan. Definitions of orphans vary across different cultures and studies. In general, an orphan due to AIDS is defined as a child who has lost at least one parent dead from AIDS or AIDS related diseases. However, UNICEF and UNAIDS have a more specific definition. They define an orphan as a child under 15 years of age: a single orphan has lost one parent, while a double orphan has lost both parents (Foster Williamson 2000; Brennell 2005; Barnett Whiteside 2006: 213). For the purpose of this paper, and in line with working definitions in Zambia, an orphan is defined as a child below the age of 18 who has lost one or both parents (Robson Sylvester 2007: 262). The toll of HIV/AIDS on households can be very severe. Although the whole population is affected by HIV/AIDS, it are often the poorest areas of society that are most exposed to the epidemic and for whom the consequences are most severe. In many cases, the presence of AIDS causes the household to break up, as parents die and children are sent to relatives for care and upbringing. Although the HIV/AIDS epidemic has affected many aspects of social and economic development, this paper focuses on the affect on educational development. The relationship between AIDS and the education sector is circular as the epidemic worsens, the education sector is damaged, which in turn is likely to increase the incidence of HIV transmission. There are numerous ways in which AIDS can affect education, but equally there are many ways in which education can help the fight against AIDS and generates hope (Kelly 1999: 6-7).  [4]  The extent to which schools and other educational institutions are able to continue functioning will influence how well societies eventually recover from the epidemic. Or as the director of UNAIDS, Peter Piot, explained it: Without education, AIDS will continue its rampant spread. With AIDS out of control, education will be out of reach (World Bank et al. 2002). OVCs are less likely to have proper schooling. The death of a prime-age adult in a household will reduce a childs attendance at school (World Bank 1997: 225 in Barnett Whiteside 2006: 220).  [5]  The household may be less able to pay for schooling. An orphaned child may have to take on household or income-earning work. Sick adults may have reduced expectations of the returns of investing in childrens education as they do not expect to live long enough to recoup the investment. When a child goes to another household after his or his parents death, the obstacles become greater as the child is not their own (Barnett Whiteside 2006: 220). Finally, a reason why it is important to focus on children is that the impact of HIV/AIDS will linger for decades after the epidemic begins to wane (Foster Williamson 2000: 275). However, for a diversity of reasons, little attention has been paid to the situation and experience of individual children affected by HIV/AIDS. Nevertheless, greater understanding of the impact of HIV/AIDS on childrens education is essential in the design and evaluation of programmes to support children living under difficult conditions. HIV/AIDS epidemic in Zambia Zambia, in southern Africa, has been severely affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic and can be seen as the mirror of Sub Saharan Africa. Statistics emphasize that one in five adults is infected with HIV (Kayanta 2004 in Robson Sylvester 2007: 259-60). Additionally, more than 70% of the population lives in poverty (CSO 2003 in Robson Sylvester 2007: 260). However, the country is active to implement the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC), to achieve the EFA and the MDGs, by eradicating extreme hunger and poverty, to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, to promote gender equality and empower women and to achieve universal primary education.  [6]  Besides, the country adopted a number of poverty reduction objectives (Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2008: 19). Almost 50% of Zambias population is under 15 years old, 71% of children live in poverty, and one in four children are orphaned. In other words, the HIV epidemic has devastated the country and it is estimated that by 2010 there will be 1,328,000 AIDS orphans (UNAIDS 2008). These children are vulnerable to neglect, sexual abuse and early marriages, forced child labour and can have serious health and nutrition problems. As a result OVCs are less likely to have access to school and to complete quality basic education. Social protection measures put in place by the government are hampered by inadequate resources, and OVCs lack of awareness of their rights. The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the Zambian education system The AIDS epidemic affects the supply of and demands for education in a variety of ways, especially in a high HIV prevalence country like Zambia (Bennell 2005: 467). HIV/AIDS has multiple effects on education through ten different mechanisms: reduction in demand, reduction in supply, reduction in availability of resources, adjustments in response to the special needs of an increasing number of orphans and vulnerable children, adaptation to new interactions both within schools and between schools and communities, curriculum modification, altered roles that have to be adopted by teachers and the education system, the ways in which schools and the education system are organised, the planning and management of the system, and donor support for education (Kelly 1999: 1). More and more research is carried out on the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Zambia. However, little research has been undertaken in basic schools themselves, to examine the experiences of poverty and AIDS-affected children. Therefore, Robson and Sylvester emphasize that  ´it is timely to explore the perceptions of education personnel and students regarding the adequacy of responses within the educational sector and to identify the unmet needs ´ (Robson Sylvester 2007: 262). Impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on education for pupils There are three groups of schoolchildren whose lives are most directly affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic and whose education is, therefore, potentially at maximum risk: children who are HIV positive, children living in households with sick family members, and children whose parents or caretakers have died of HIV/AIDS. The scope to which the education of these children is negatively affected depends deeply on the level of physical and emotional support they get from the extended family, the school, the community and the local government (Bennell 2005: 468). However, like I explained in the introduction, it is difficult to indicate the number of directly affected children by the epidemic. Besides, schools rarely keep accurate and up-to-date records on the number of affected children and their parents. Nonetheless, we do know that the number of children that is HIV positive because the mother passed the virus on to her child is relatively small, since over 90 per cent of these children die before they are old enough to attend school. It is therefore estimated that a small number of schoolchildren is infected or has AIDS related sicknesses (Brennell 2005: 469). This is also the reason why mortality rates at primary schools are low. It is commonly believed that the education of children who are most directly affected by the epidemic is adversely affected in a number of ways. The main argument is that given very difficult home situations, both orphans and children in AIDS-affected households are often forced to drop out of school altogether with little likelihood of ever returning to school (Brennell 2005: 473). The growth in the number of orphans [and other directly affected children] is taxing the coping strategies of families and society at large. In many cases, the extended family find it extremely difficult to cope economically and psychologically with the numbers it is required to absorb. Few orphans [and other children in AIDS-affected households] are able to pay their school or training fees. Many others have to care for others in the homes where they live. Many have to work to support themselves or younger siblings dependent on them (Kelly 2000: 57 in Brennell 2005: 473). Pupils whose parents die or are ill often drop out of school due to different factors such as, economic stresses on households, changes in the family structure, responsibilities to look after the sick, the elderly or siblings and loss of parental supervision (Foster Williamson 2000: 278,81). The way school attendance, performance and school completion are effected generally depends on levels of risks and vulnerability due to social, economic and cultural circumstances (Robson Sylvester 2007: 265). It is important to mention that the financial burden on families, for example when parents die, prevents many children from attending school despite the provision of free basic education because of the extra school costs, like textbooks, contribution to school funds and examination costs (Brennell 2005: 475; Barnett Whiteside 2006: 220). Other reasons for children to drop out of school or to perform badly are that poor children are frequently ill because of poor living conditions, which seriously affects their education. Besides, AIDS-related stigmas and discrimination increase the chance that children are not going to school (Foster Williamson 2000: 281-82; Bennell 2005: 473). Children, especially whose parents are known or suspected to have died of HIV/AIDS face the risk of being stigmatised or discriminated. This can also result in bullying of these children. Stigma and discrimination in schools violates the principles of inclusive education and education for all (Robson Sylvester 2007: 266). Research in Zambia showed that the number of children attending primary school is decreasing. The decline in school participation rates was thought to result from poverty, inability to pay the rising costs of schooling, and increasing parental disillusion with the low quality of education. This is linked to HIV/AIDS and its affects on poverty, levels of employment, and the quality of school provision (Kelly 2000: 12 in Barnett Whiteside 2006: 220). Noteworthy is that proportionately more orphans than non-orphans were not attending school according to this research. Although it is important to focus on enrolment rates and participation, it is also important to pay attention to the quality of learning as well. Children, for example, might be hungry, or are unable to concentrate due to tensions or anxiety at home. Vulnerable children tend to be more malnourished or to have received insufficient health care. This negatively affects school enrolment, attendance and performance (Robson Sylvester 2007: 266; Barnett Whiteside 2006: 221). Orphans and other vulnerable children often have to do a lot of household tasks before and after school. This indicates that obstacles to school achievement are strongly connected with poverty and its related tensions. Besides, the curriculum of the school often not adapts to the vocational, emotional and life skills needs of HIV/AIDS affected-pupils. Whats more, HIV/AIDS has resulted in increasing teacher absenteeism and a significant decline in the number of teachers. This affects the quality of teaching, learning and assessment and diverted resources away from schools. The remaining teachers face problems because the burden on their shoulders increases since they have to manage progressively larger class sizes with poor resources (Kelly 1999: 3; Carr-Hill 2002 in Robson Sylvester 2007: 261, 265; Barnett Whiteside 2006: 220). Sometimes pupils are also sent home because of a lack of teachers. All together, this affects the quality of teaching and learning for the pupils. Overall, we can say that poor pupils attending and performance is the result of a myriad of factors including irregular attendance and generally poor quality of schooling (Brennell 2005: 475). Studies also show that HIV/AIDS should not be excessively blamed for problems achieving Universal Primary Education. Problems with school enrolment, attendance and completion are also related to poverty or problems inherent to the school system, such as the quality of education (Barnett Whiteside 2006: 222). Redressing the harmful consequences within the educational system In Zambia most of the initiatives within the education sector in relation to tackling HIV/AIDS and poverty are situated within educational reform programmes, such as the Basic Education Sub-Sector Investment Programme (BESSIP). The aim of this programme is to increase and improve the access, quality of basic education by the year 2015 (Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2008: 19). Besides, the Ministry of Education made the goal of equitable access to relevant education a right for all Zambians and it removed the school fees in 2003 (Robson Sylvester 2007: 260). HIV/AIDS prevention strategies tend to focus mainly on preventive community-based initiatives to improve access to health education. However, there are various barriers to learning and participation. This is linked to the fact that many teachers lack the knowledge or the skills to implement effective HIV/AIDS and life skills programmes (Obura Sinclear 2005 in Robson Sylvester 2007: 260). Therefore, the challenge for the Zambian Ministry of Education (MoE) and the international community is not only to provide the right to basic education, but also strengthen schools as inclusive and supportive communities. For the pupils, this might focus on provision of alternative and more opportunities for participation and learning, access to health, life skills, suitable counselling and support in order to cope with the harmful consequences of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. For teachers, it is important to concentrate on professional development opportunities in order to support the management of large scale and curriculum development e.g. in the areas of life skills and vocational skills (Robson Sylvester 2007: 259-60). In Zambia, community schools have a significant position in redressing the harmful consequences of HIV/AIDS within the education system. Community schools try to differentiate the learning needs of OVCs by designing and delivering a relevant and meaningful curriculum that assist these children to develop income-generating skills, personal, health, emotional and social skills, and critical learning skills (Kelly 1999: 4). Most community school use the four-year curriculum: Skills, Participation, Access and Relevant Knowledge (SPRAK). This curriculum offers pupils a fast track to official grade 7 examinations (Chondoka 2004; Robson Sylvester 2007: 267). In the following part of this paper I will first explain the main features of community schools in Zambia. Secondly, I will discuss why community schools and especially the SPARK curriculum could be a solution for the educational development of OVCs affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Community Schools One of the main characteristics of the Zambian education system is the central role played by community schools. Community schools emerged as a response to the unmet demand for school places among the poor and other marginalised groups in Zambia who are not in formal schools (USAID 2006 in Robson Sylvester 2007: 262; Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2008: 52). In many instances, these schools are run by parents and volunteer teachers, though increasingly they receive support from the government, non-governmental organisations, faith based organizations or private initiatives. In other words, there is an enormous variation between community schools, more than between government schools or private schools, in how they are supported and managed (Destefano 2006). Besides, the school buildings and provisions vary greatly. A large number of these schools have wattle-and-daub constructions and temporary provisions (Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2008: 52, 56).  [7]  Classrooms and water and sa nitation facilities are often of poor quality. Teaching and learning materials are generally inadequate. Pupils often sit on the floor. Uniforms are often not a school requirement. Finally, the vast majority of teachers are unqualified (Chondoka 2006: 7). Adversely, reasons why these community schools increase in popularity are that community schools are less expensive, close to home, less demanding in entry requirements and are managed by local communities. Most community schools serve children aged between 9-16 years who are either drop-outs or who have never been to school. The concept of a community school was not entirely new to Zambia. The European missionaries had already established similar schools and called them village schools or bush schools (Chondoka 2006). Around 1995, more community schools began to appear in areas without government schools, where parents could not meet the expense of the high school fees that were charged, where the distance to the nearest government school was to far or where the government schools were considered overcrowded. Since 1998, the Zambian government officially recognises community schools. The Zambian government acknowledges the positive effect of community schools in redressing the harmful consequences of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Since 1998, the number of community schools has enlarged exponentially, although the school fees for government schools were banned in 2002 with the introduction of free basic education. However, it is important to mention that in general, community schools are relatively small. In 200 0, they accounted for 17% of the basic schools and 8% of the pupils in basic schools; in 2006 these figures had increased to 34% and 16%, respectively (Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2008: 54-55). In 2005 the MoE distributed 30% of their budget to community schools (Robson Sylvester 2007: 262). This made it possible for community schools to receive school grants, textbooks, professional guidance and sometimes a government funded teacher. However, most community schools started without prior information of the MoE and are severely underfunded. While the majority of the community schools receive an inadequate amount of MoE support, many other schools not even receive a school grant. Despite the fact that the MoE supports community schools, its practical interest seems to be somewhat limited. Actual support depends on the specific policy of the particular district boards (Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2008: 54, 56). Community schools can be found in both rural an urban areas. A recent study shows that the main reason determining the location of rural community schools is distance to the nearest government school (Chondoka 2006: 7). In urban areas, these schools are set up in locations with large concentrations of children who are unable to get access to a public school due to costs or other factors (Destefano 2006). Pupils in community schools usually belong to the poorest and most vulnerable social strata (Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2008: 54). Less than one third of community school families live in stable structures, compared to 46% of public schools families (Destefano 2006). Most community schools are attended by a relatively large number of orphans. In 2005, about one in three pupils in community schools had lost his or her mother. In government schools this ratio is one in five. Most of the orphans lack sufficient parental support. According to a study in Central Province, many orphans not succeed to come to school regularly, while many of them are to hungry to concentrate in class when they do come (Chondoka 2006: 9). Due to their restricted size, many of the community schools make use of multi-grade teaching, especially in rural areas. Instead of using the normal curriculum, they most of the times use the SPARK curriculum, which provides primary education in four years. The SPARK curriculum has been designed to meet the particular needs of community school children, who are usually older (between 9 and 16 years) and who are often directly hit by the HIV/AIDS epidmic. It follows the government curriculum and focuses on the relevant topics within English, Mathematics, Environmental Science, Social Studies, Physical Education and Zambian languages, with a life skills component integrated through all the subject areas. The SPARK curriculum places health education, with a strong focus on AIDS/HIV prevention, at the heart of the primary circle. It prioritizes literacy, numeracy and life skills which are recognized as having to serve a nation in crisis due to the young people who will have to survive an d assume early responsibility of heading a family due to HIV/AIDS (Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2008: 56). As this part of the paper tried to make clear, community schools are able to reach the most vulnerable and marginalized groups within Zambia, such as orphans. By using the SPRARK curriculum, that assist these children to develop knowledge and skills, it is possible to adapt to the needs of OVCs who face a lot of challenges because of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. However, it also clear that there is an enormous variation between community schools. It is therefore important that the MoE not only recognises the community school, but also that the MoE support is more fairly distributed between the different (types) of community schools. After all, it is important to work together with the different types of school to achieve EFA goals and the MDGs and to guarantee that all children have the right to education. Conclusion One of the most dramatic impacts of HIV/AIDS epidemic is the threat they constitute to the well-being of children and young people. The already high prevalence of poverty, coupled with the possible impacts of the AIDS epidemic can have long-term educational, emotional and social consequences (Khin-Sand Lwin et al 2001; Kanyata 2004; UNICEF-Zambia 2004 in Robson Sylvester 2007: 268). It is estimated that the majority of children having lost one or both parents due to AIDS is living in Sub Saharan Africa. Children affected by HIV, as well as children living with HIV, often suffer from stigma and discrimination. The opportunity of these children to continue their education successfully may be reduced if their impoverished family or caretakers cannot pay the fees or the extra school costs. By giving a case study of the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on basic education for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in Zambia, this paper showed that relationship between the epidemic and the education sector is circular. There are various ways in which the epidemic effects the education for OVCs, but there are also several ways in which education can generate hope for these children. Schools, teachers and the Zambian government therefore need to be made more responsive to the needs of OVCs. Providing education to these children is not only a human rights imperative, it is also vital to break the vicious cycle of poverty and to promote security and public health. Basic education should, therefore, be free and target support to meet essential schooling costs (provision of lunches, books and pencils, examination fees). Besides, basic education should be provided for needy children as part of a wide-ranging package of support and it could help prevent absence or dropout (Brennell 2005: 487). To my opinion the Skills, Participation, Access and Relevant Knowledge (SPARK) curriculum, which is used at most community schools, is a step forward to overcome most obstacles to achievement of education. SPARK is a special curriculum that was written for community schools. This four-year curriculum follows the government curriculum with a life skills component integrated through all subject areas and offers pupils a fast track to official grade 7 examinations. However, more drastic curriculum and pedagogical review and teacher professional development are necessary to improve the quality and relevance of the educational experience. This also requires further research of what pupils are learning, and differentiated responses to their particular needs (Robson Sylvester 2007: 269). Literature Barnett, T. and Whiteside, A. 2006 AIDS in the Twenty-First Century. Disease and Globalisation. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Bennell, P. 2005 The impact of the AIDS epidemic on the schooling of orphans and other directly affected children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Development Studies 41 (3): 467-488. Boler, T. and Carroll, K. 2003 Addressing the educational needs of orphans and vulnerable children. UK Working group on HIV/AIDS and Education. Policy Research: issue 2. Chondoka, Y. A. and Subulwa, C. 2004 Evaluation of the SPARK curriculum in community schools in Zambia 2002-2004, Lusaka: University of Zambia Chondoka, Y. A. 2006 Situation analysis of Community Schools in Central Province of Zambia. Lusaka, University of Zambia. Destefano, J. 2006 Meeting EFA: Zambia Community Schools. Lusaka: USAID. Foster, G. and Williamson, J. 2000 A review of current literature of the impact of HIV/AIDS on children in sub-Saharan Africa AIDS 14 (3):275-284. Kelly, M. J. 1999 What HIV/AIDS Can Do to Education, and What Education Can Do to HIV/AIDS? School of Education, University of Zambia Lusaka. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (the Netherlands), 2008 Primary Education Zambia. IOB Impact Evaluation. No. 312 April 2008. Robson, S. and Sylvester, K. B. Orphaned and vulnerable children in Zambia: the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on basic education for children at risk. Educational Research 49 (3): 259-272. Skinner, D. et al. Defining orphaned and vulnerable children. Cape Town: HRSC Publishers. UNAIDS Report on the global AIDS epidemic http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/2008/ (last viewed on 2 January 2010) World Bank/ UNESCO/ UNAIDS 2002 In turning the tide against HIV/AIDS, education is key. Press release (October 18). http://portal.unesco.org/es/ev.php-URL_ID=7195URL_DO=DO_TOPICURL_SECTION=201.html (last viewed on 2 January 2010)

You Only Live Once

Everybody these days say, â€Å"You only live once† but have you ever taken the time to look at why? Kids, teenagers, and a few adults that live by the modern terms pursue their actions upon this saying. Each individual is different, we all think differently based upon what we do, how we were raised, the culture were brought up in, and other factors that relate to an individual’s life. Not everyone is going to think why we live once or if we live once do we get an after life? Some cultures actually believe in re-birth but that is a different subject.My opinion toward this question is based on my beliefs and the actions that I have taken to achieve to this mental status. I believe we all live once to attain a successful endeavor that not only provides the necessities for yourself but can facilitate to those that are near you. Mistakes are bound to happen when pursuing this successful role toward â€Å"only living once† but knowing the difference between knowing if a mistake will happen and having a mistake happen during your actions that take place is different.For example you could be studying for an exam in math and English but decided to study for math because you assume you will do more poorly at it than English because you have always been average in Math and English is not a problem, so as test day comes and you take the math test you seem to not have a problem but as you took the English exam you take longer because you had not equally balanced the study time and had not focused on what the exam was really going to be so you did poorly on the subject you thought you’d do well in, that is a mistake that was not done without knowing.An example of just knowing the mistake is when your hanging out with your group of friends and your offered a substance you are not suppose to abuse and have thought about a wrong factor that may interfere with your actions if you follow the steps of your peers but even as that thought came across you do it anyways leading you to get in trouble by the authorities an revealing the mistake you knew that would happen.Knowing the difference between the two is crucial because depending upon the situation and how the mistake was approached your more than likely to learn from it, making yourself a better person and achieving your endeavor. But having a repetition of the same mistakes leads nowhere and keeps you in the same spot having success that lied in your hands be in someone who well deserves it. No doubt you may live once whether you make the simplest istake or not but living in happiness is the key to fortune and success. Think about life being as one and making the best of what you have leads to many good things so even if you think about â€Å"you only live life once† think about how you would like to live it. Think about what success means to you and be fortunate to those that reside by you because smart decisions will be well put off in the near future as life is a gr owing process.